pathologist as we take biopsies and other liver samples. I was trained initially... stiffness. Therefore we did the first stiffness studies on hepatitis C patients

In this review, we focused on the role of HIFs on bone tumor formation. Further, we also emphasized how hypoxia, stem cells, and its niches regulate the bone

of patient trackers to bones, causing additional surgical trauma. We would like... fixation.Method We demonstrated the technique of using Jig-mounted tracking

boards, debates, and live surgical training.We hope that you will consider joining..., and we look forward to welcoming you in May 2014.

International Conference of Genomics in 2013. We would like to invite the field’s..., I am honored to invite you to join us at this conference. We look forward

2011年8月22日～29日 美国马里兰州
转化医学、全球健康、癌症研究与医院管理
高级研修班
【主办单位】
美国国立卫生研究院（National Institutes of Health）
北京大学医学部
【研修时间】2011年8月22日～29日
【研修地点】美国马里兰州NIH总部
【研修主题】转化医学、全球健康、癌症研究与医院管理
【活动对象】医院的中高级管理人员、学术带头人、护理管理人员。
【研修目的】

1. 使学员了解美国在临床试验、转化医学、医院管理与护理管理领域的最新进展和研究成果。
2. 增进中美两国研究人员彼此之间的了解，建立国际合作关系，促进两国在相关科研项目上的合作。
3. 亲临美国最权威的卫生机构（NIH和FDA）和极负盛名的医院约翰·霍普金斯医院，感受美国东海岸文化下的医学氛围。

【研修内容】

• 如何设计临床试验并运用于疾病的筛查、预防与治疗。
• 转化型研究的关键要素以及在中国应用的可行性。
• 探索如何将美国研究型医院的管理经验应用到中国同类型医院中。尤其是如何在医院管理中将临床业务与医学基础研究、临床研究相结合。
• 美国护理人员在医院管理、病人护理、科学研究中的作用。

【日程安排】

时间	内 容
8月21日	由北京飞赴华盛顿
8月22日	开场仪式
	癌症临床试验
8月23日	转化型研究
8月24日	探索：基础实验室研究——为转化到临床中奠定基础
8月25日	医院管理
8月26日	护理管理、护理研究以及护士在管理中的角色
	闭幕致辞，颁发结业证书
8月27日	自由活动
8月28日	参观：马里兰技术开发中心（Maryland Technology Development Center）
8月29日	参观：美国食品药品管理局（FDA）、约翰霍普金斯医院，乔治城医院

【报名截止时间】2011年4月20日

学习费用：

58800元（包含培训费、北京往返美国的交通费、食宿费，不含签证费）

【报名咨询】
联系电话: 010-82802594 57230728 57131869
联系人:曹老师、张老师、何老师
电子邮箱：bjmuemba@163.com
网 址: http://emba.bjmu.edu.cn

Medicine, Endocrinology and Neurology, Digestive Care, Nephrology and others. We... medical techniques. We offer Orthopaedics, Neurosurgery, Urology, and more. Among

That’s what this conference is all about — finding the ways we as death

these new changes as well as update management and in addition we propose an algorithm

of detecting co-infections and can revealunexpected pathogens. Here we describe a

University. We initially demonstrated that purine 2', 3' dideoxynucleosides were... expressing HBV (5). We demonstrated its activity against HBV in 

and foreign scientists from all over the world. We also aim to encourage

;会议背景介绍： On behalf of the organizing committee, we welcome you

Background. Further reduction in the group B streptococcal (GBS) disease burden in neonates in the United States awaits an additional prevention strategy, such as maternal immunization.Methods. We performed a prospective, multicenter, case-control study of 33 mothers delivering neonates with early onset GBS infection (cases), and 99 age- and ethnicity-matched mothers colonized with the same capsular polysaccharide (CPS) types delivering healthy neonates (controls). Relative risk and absolute risk were calculated for early onset disease associated with concentrations of type Ia, III, or V CPS-specific antibody in maternal serum.Results. For GBS types Ia and III, maternal CPS-specific antibody concentrations of ≥0.5 µg/mL were associated with a relative risk of approximately 0.1 (95% confidence intervals [CIs], .01-.74 and 0-.72, respectively; P = .02 for each), corresponding to a 90% risk reduction (by logistic regression). For type V, the relative risk was 0.3 (95% CI, .01-3.1), corresponding to a 70% risk reduction. By Bayesian modeling, the risk of early onset disease would decrease by 70% if maternal CPS-specific antibody concentrations for these 3 GBS types were ≥1 µg/mL.Conclusions. Maternal CPS-specific antibody serum concentrations of ≥1 μg/mL at the time of delivery appear to protect most neonates from early onset GBS type Ia and III disease.

Background. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread through direct contact with blood, although alternative routes of transmission may contribute to the global burden. Perinatal infection occurs in up to 5% of HCV-infected mothers, and presence of HCV RNA in breast milk has been reported. We investigated the influence of breast milk on HCV infectiousness.Methods/Results. Human breast milk reduced HCV infectivity in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was species-specific because milk from various animals did not inhibit HCV infection. Treatment of HCV with human breast milk did not compromise integrity of viral RNA or capsids but destroyed the lipid envelope. Fractionation of breast milk revealed that the antiviral activity is present in the cream fraction containing the fat. Proteolytic digestion of milk proteins had no influence on its antiviral activity, whereas prolonged storage at 4°C increased antiviral activity. Notably, pretreatment with a lipase inhibitor ablated the antiviral activity and specific free fatty acids of breast milk were antiviral.Conclusions. The antiviral activity of breast milk is linked to endogenous lipase-dependent generation of free fatty acids, which destroy the viral lipid envelope. Therefore, nursing by HCV-positive mothers is unlikely to play a major role in vertical transmission.

Background. Targeting host-cell pathways to increase the potency of nucleoside/nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) is an important strategy for clinical investigation. Resveratrol is a natural product that inhibits cellular ribonucleotide reductase, prolonging the S phase of the cell cycle and preferentially lowering dATP levels.Methods. We performed in vitro evaluation of resveratrol on the antiviral activity of adenosine analog tenofovir (TFV) against sensitive and drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), from subtypes B and C, in primary cells.Results. Resveratrol enhanced the antiviral activity of TFV by up to 10-fold and restored susceptibility of TFV-resistant viruses. Resveratrol prevented wild-type HIV-1 from developing phenotypic resistance to TFV. Notably, resveratrol enhanced TFV activity against sensitive and resistant HIV-1 from both subtypes B and C.Conclusions. Prolonged wide-scale use of thymidine analogs in the setting of viral failure has limited the efficacy of second-line NRTI-based regimens in Africa. Moreover, the extensive use of ddI and d4T has led to high frequencies of the K65R mutation, further compromising TFV efficacy. In light of increasing resistance to commonly used NRTIs in global HIV treatment programs, targeting nucleoside biosynthesis with resveratrol, or derivatives with improved bioavailabilities, is a potential strategy to maintain, enhance, and restore susceptibility of commonly used NRTIs.

Background. In treatment-naive, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) incorporating raltegravir (RAL) is highly effective for virologic suppression, but characteristics of immunologic recovery have not been described.Methods. We performed a 48-week substudy of 15 patients, median age 40 years, within a phase 2 randomized trial of RAL-cART in treatment-naive patients with chronic HIV infection.Results. Plasma viral load decreased from 5.2 ± 5.3 log10 HIV RNA copies/mL to 2.2 ± 2.4 log10 copies/mL at week 4, reaching <50 copies/mL at week 8 in 13 of 15 patients. Total CD4 T cells increased at week 4, as did central memory CD4 T cells in association with reduction of the immune activation markers HLA-DR and CD38 and immune exhaustion marker PD1 in CD4 and CD8 T cells. Naive CD4 T cells increased at week 24 with appearance of HIV gag-specific interleukin 2, interferon-γ, and CD107a responses in CD4 and CD8 T cells at week 48. Plasma lipopolysaccharide and soluble CD14 decreased, but at week 48 were elevated as compared to healthy volunteers. Altogether, the week 48 immune profile was more favorable in patients taking RAL-cART than in patients treated with non-RAL-cART.Conclusions. RAL in first-line treatment regimens results in rapid immune reconstitution with residual low-level microbial translocation.

Background. The incidence and clinical impact of Coronavirus (CoV) infection in elderly persons and those with underlying cardiopulmonary disease over a long duration is not well described. We determined the incidence and clinical impact of 229E and OC43 CoV in this population during four consecutive winters, and compared illnesses to influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV).Methods. CoV229E and OC43 were detected by RT-PCR and serology in four adult populations under surveillance for acute respiratory illness during the winters of 1999-2003. Cohorts included young healthy adults, healthy elderly, high-risk adults with underlying cardiopulmonary disease, and a hospitalized group.Results. 398 CoV infections were identified, with annual infection rates ranging from 2.8-26% in prospective cohorts, and prevalence ranging from 3.3-11.1% in the hospitalized cohort. The incidence of infections with each strain was similar, although asymptomatic infection and viral co-infection was significantly more common with 229E than OC43 infection. Although the incidence and clinical manifestations were similar for each strain, OC43 infected subjects tended to seek more medical care as OC43 was twice as common as 229E among the hospitalized cohort.Conclusions. CoV infections in the elderly are frequent, likely causing substantial medical disease burden.

Background. Increased pneumococcal loads are associated with severe outcomes. We determined the prevalence of pneumococcal DNA in blood specimens from patients hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infection and identified factors associated with invasive pneumococcal pneumonia, bacterial loads, and death.Methods. A total of 8523 patients were enrolled as part of prospective hospital-based surveillance. Blood was collected for quantitative pneumococcal (lytA) detection, and nasopharyngeal specimens were collected for detection of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses by real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results. Of 6396 cases (75%) with lytA results, 422 (7%) were positive for pneumococcal DNA. The prevalences of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza virus were 51% (2965/5855) and 8% (485/6358), respectively. On multivariable analysis, HIV infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-3.6), influenza virus coinfection (aOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-2.1), oxygen therapy during admission (aOR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3) and in-hospital death (aOR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-4.0) were significantly associated with increased pneumococcal load. Among lytA-positive patients, after adjustment for length of hospitalization, duration of symptoms, and oxygen therapy during admission, pneumococcal loads ≥10,000 DNA copies/mL (aOR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.8-7.2) were associated with increased risk of death.Conclusions. HIV and influenza virus infections were associated with elevated pneumococcal loads, which, in turn, were associated with increased risk of death.

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